Reverse osmosis (RO) is a widely used water purification technology, capable of effectively filtering a wide range of contaminants through a semi-permeable membrane. This technology ensures that the water consumed is clean, clear and free from harmful substances. Thanks to its efficiency and performance, RO has become a mainstay of modern water treatment solutions.
Reverse osmosis involves forcing water through a semi-permeable membrane under pressure. This membrane is designed to allow water molecules to pass through while blocking larger molecules and contaminants, including :
The pores of a quality membrane measure around 0.0001 micronor one millionth of a millimetre (by way of comparison, bacteria measure between 0.2 and 1 micronviruses between 0.02 and 0.4 micronsand PFAS around 0.0005 microns).
| Contaminant | Approximate size (microns) | Osmosis filtration efficiency |
| Sand, rust | 10 - 100 µm | 100% |
| Fine sediment | 1 - 10 µm | 100% |
| Bacteria | 0.2 - 1 µm | 99% |
| Virus | 0.02 - 0.1 µm | 99% |
| Pesticides & Herbicides | 0.001 - 0.005 µm | 97 – 99% |
| Hormones & pharmaceutical residues | 0.0005 - 0.005 µm | 95 – 99% |
| PFAS (perfluorinated) | 0.001 - 0.005 µm | 94 – 99% |
| Dissolved heavy metals | < 0.001 µm | 95 – 99% |
| Dissolved salts (Na+, Cl-) | < 0.001 µm | 95 – 99% |
| Nitrates & Nitrites | < 0.001 µm | 85 – 95% |
The term "osmosis" refers to the natural movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration, across a semi-permeable membrane. This process aims to balance the concentrations on both sides of the membrane.
Reverse osmosis" reverses this natural process. By applying external pressure, water is forced from a zone of high solute concentration (contaminated water) to a zone of low concentration (pure water), effectively separating contaminants from the water.
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